The city is also a European center for aviation and space. The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has its headquarters on the Rhine, and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) site in the south-east of the city also hosts the European Astronaut Centre of the European Space Agency. Cologne Bonn Airport, which lists 24-hour operation, adds air cargo, customs, and logistics meetings.
Law and healthcare create steady everyday demand. The Landgericht Köln hears civil and criminal cases, the Oberlandesgericht Köln hears appeals, and the Uniklinik Köln treats patients who speak many languages. According to the City of Cologne's statistics office, 1,100,076 people lived in Cologne at the end of 2025, and 21.6% held a non-German nationality, with Turkey, Italy, Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Iraq the five largest countries of citizenship. German is the anchor language, most often paired with English, Turkish, Italian, Ukrainian, and Arabic.